Kategorie: Sober living

After almost dying from a drug overdose, the rapper decided to clean up his act. Take a look at this list and find out which of your favorite rap stars abstain from drugs and alcohol. Processed with ammonia or baking soda, crack is a freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked to achieve a high. Because it is cheaper and more readily available than powdered cocaine, crack quickly took hold in poor urban communities.

• It’s easy to assume that Lecrae leads a straight-edge lifestyle because he’s a Christian rapper.
• Kanye has spoken publicly about his struggles with alcohol and drug abuse in the past, and in 2019 he revealed that he is now a year sober.
• Eminem is one of the most prominent rappers around and has been open about his time in rehab.
• Fortunately, artists who struggle with addiction often take the bold step of going to rehab.
• Call them straight edge, call them teetotal – these guys have discovered that alcohol and drugs don’t do them any good.

I sit on the couch and play PlayStation with my friends. Maybe I’ll be freestyling in a park, but in terms of making albums, it’s going to be impossible. However, following the death of a close friend of his, rapper Proof, Em relapsed in 2006. In 2007, the rapper almost died due to an accidental methadone overdose. After the incident, he picked himself up and got sober in 2008.

Musical career

The road to addiction treatment can be very challenging, especially with the media glamorizing drug and alcohol use. Though it may seem like drug use is conducive to creativity in the rap world, there are several rappers who prove that this is not the case. I know that addiction is a treatable disease, https://ecosoberhouse.com/ but I’m never going to be cured, and I’m completely fine with that. The world that recovery has led me to is beyond anything I ever could have imagined. I would never have had a career in music had I not been able to go to treatment. These aren’t grandiose thoughts, or for shock value.

Admitting that you have a problem is a huge issue. To people who are struggling right now, recovery starts with being honest with yourself, and then seeking help. The sober rappers natural tendency as someone with active addiction is to hide, to lie, to manipulate. It’s so important that we’re honest with ourselves and with our loved ones.

Top Ten Sober Rappers

Their 1995 record, Smokin’ N’ Leanin’, is littered with references to syrup, some 20 years before Atlanta’s Future released Dirty Sprite 2—an ode to the drug he denies being addicted to. That did not, however, stop Pharrell from famously launched a women-focused liquer, Qream, in 2011. He is celebrated as one of the most innovative hip-hop artists of our generation.

The most important strategy against alcoholic neuropathy lies in preventing the symptoms from getting worse by decreasing alcohol consumption as soon as possible. Since nutritional deficiencies are partly to blame for alcoholic neuropathy, supplementation with vitamin B12, folate, vitamin E, and thiamine may be recommended. In general, it takes years for alcoholic neuropathy to develop, so a long-standing history of heavy alcohol use is typical. Some people experience a faster onset and progression of alcoholic neuropathy than others. It’s not completely clear why some people are more prone to this complication than others. Constant pain in the hands or feet is one of the most bothersome aspects of alcoholic neuropathy.

There is no magic number or hard line separating too much alcohol from a safe amount for consumption. Some people may develop neuropathy quickly, while others can go for years of heavy drinking without any nerve damage https://ecosoberhouse.com/ caused by alcohol. However, studies have shown that some people, especially women, are more at risk for developing alcoholic neuropathy. One of the key nutrients inhibited by alcohol is thiamine, vitamin-B1.

Risk factors

Axons are the groups of nerve fibers that carry impulses between the brain and the nervous system. Avoiding alcohol is the best way to treat these conditions alcohol neuropathy and relieve symptoms. The earlier you stop intake, the more likely you are to recover. The liver can only break down alcohol in small amounts at a time.

• If you or a loved one is struggling with alcohol misuse, treatment is available.
• Your nervous system has two parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
• These individuals draw the majority of calories from calorie rich alcoholic beverages with low nutritive value.
• Some people experience a faster onset and progression of alcoholic neuropathy than others.
• We strive to create content that is clear, concise, and easy to understand.
• There are several possible causes of neuropathy, and knowing about a person’s alcohol intake can help the doctor to make an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment options include steps to quit alcohol use and managing symptoms of the disease. Depending on the affected nerves, diabetic neuropathy symptoms include pain and numbness in the legs, feet and hands. It can also cause problems with the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart. But for others, diabetic neuropathy can be quite painful and disabling.

Understanding and treating alcoholic neuropathy

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about symptoms. Peripheral neuropathy can be a temporary concern, or it can be permanent. How long it lasts depends on what caused it, the extent of the damage — if any — that it caused, the treatments and more. These are the automatic functions of your body that happen without your thinking or even being aware of them. They include things like sweating, digestion, blood pressure control, etc. Disruptions in autonomic signals mean your body’s automatic processes can’t work correctly.

In addition to thiamine deficiency, recent studies indicate a direct neurotoxic effect of ethanol or its metabolites. Axonal degeneration has been documented in rats receiving ethanol while maintaining normal thiamine status [5]. Human studies have also suggested a direct toxic effect, since a dose-dependent relationship has been observed between severity of neuropathy and total life time dose of ethanol [6, 13].

Coping With Alcoholic Neuropathy

But if you have developed neuropathy as a result of alcohol use, it’s important to stop drinking as soon as possible. Professional and peer help through programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous or other substance abuse programs can help you reduce your alcohol consumption. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best treatment plan to start on your road to recovery.

The peripheral nerves transmit signals between the body, the spinal cord, and the brain. I don’t have any scientific data or studies to answer your question but I can say that I believe doctors are over reacting about alcohol and its affects on the body. When I mention heavy drinkers who have zero issues the doctors call this „anecdotal“ which to me says they can’t answer the question. If heavy drinkers or alcoholics were at such a risk they all would be dead or at least have severe medical issues. Also I had input from two medical coroners who said that the arteries and veins of alcoholics were like „those of a new born baby.“ Very supple and elastic. I’m older than you and still like to drink as I enjoy it just like I enjoy eating all foods.

How Can Alcohol Cause Or Exacerbate Neuropathy?

Deficiencies in B6 and B12, thiamine, folate, niacin, and vitamin E can make it worse. The available data addressing the role of hepatic dysfunction is presently inconclusive. It is possible that hepatic dysfunction and alcoholic toxicity each cause neuropathy independently, and that there is frequently overlap between the two. It may also be that comorbid hepatic dysfunction is a risk factor for alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy.

There are no lab tests that define recovery and no universally agreed-on definition of recovery. For many experts, the key components of addictive disorder are compulsive drug use that continues despite detrimental consequences, and the development of cravings with the inability to control use. Addiction develops over time, in response to repeated substance use, as the action of drugs changes the way the brain responds to rewards and disables the ability to control desire for the drug. Loved ones who are concerned about a person’s drug or alcohol use may consider an intervention. Ongoing support and follow-up care are important in the recovery process to prevent relapse.

By developing a comprehensive individualized treatment plan for each of our clients, we are able to create a therapeutic environment that fosters physical, emotional, and spiritual growth and well being. On the other hand, inpatient treatment involves staying at a specialized facility for a specific period of time. This type of treatment provides a structured and supportive environment where individuals can solely focus on their recovery without any distractions. Inpatient treatment is highly recommended for individuals with severe addiction or those who require a higher level of care. Therapy and counseling play a crucial role in the recovery from drug addiction.

Comprehensive Therapy

The sooner you seek help, the greater your chances for a long-term recovery. Talk with your health care provider or see a mental health provider, such as a doctor who specializes in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Talk to your family and friends and ask for their encouragement and sup-port. If they use your object of addiction, ask them not to do so in front of you.

In one set of studies looking at some measures of dopamine system function, activity returned to normal levels after 14 months of abstinence. Over time, reward circuits regain sensitivity http://www.people.su/36555 to respond to normal pleasures and to motivate pursuit of everyday activities. Areas of executive function regain capacity for impulse control, self-regulation, and decision-making.

Other life-changing complications

You may also want to consider if anyone in the list of friends and family should not be included. Examples are if a person is dealing with their own addiction and may not be able to maintain sobriety, is overly self-motivated or self-involved, or has a strained relationship with the person the intervention is for. Committing to change includes stages of precontemplation and contemplation where a person considers changing, cutting down, moderating, or quitting the addictive behavior.

These medicines can reduce your craving for opioids and may help you avoid relapse. Medicine treatment options for opioid addiction may include buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone, and a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone. For alcohol and drug addictions, it is a good idea to talk to a doctor https://belfastinvest.net/money/alcohol-addiction.html or local drug clinic about whether you need medical help in quitting. There are options for medications to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms. In some cases, you may need medical supervision during the detox process. Take time to contact friends and family who will support you in your goals.

What to do when driving skills decline

In this section, we’ll explore key strategies to stay on track and avoid slipping back into old patterns. From identifying triggers and high-risk situations to crafting a personalized relapse prevention plan, we’ll equip you with the necessary tools to navigate potential stumbling blocks on your path to healing. Additionally, we’ll delve into the importance of maintaining a healthy and balanced life in order to strengthen your resilience against temptation. Mark, a recovering addict, faced cravings and triggers after completing detoxification and therapy.

In fact, people in recovery might be better off if the term “relapse” were abandoned altogether and “recurrence” substituted, because it is more consistent with the process and less stigmatizing. There are some friends who are better left behind—those http://junctionofchannels.ru/t/519236 who are linked to the addictive experience. People in the throes of addiction are not capable of the best form of friendship. Further, those friends can serve as a cue that sets off drug craving and challenges the recovery process.

This first step is simple acceptance that we have a problem with drinking. As the Medical Director, Mark works with the staff to coordinate the appropriate level of care for each individual client. He works https://accountingcoaching.online/alcohol-brain-fog-how-to-heal-your-brain/ directly with the clients on management of medical issues both related to and separate from their addiction, ensuring comprehensive health care plans that ensure our clients’ chances at recovery.

The problem is that all alcohol does is anaesthetises, it doesn’t actually remedy. The reality is that when we are addicted to a chemical substance, our battle is not against that substance, but against ourselves. Addiction comes about because our brains are only partly conscious. We tend to forget this and think of ourselves as entirely rational creatures. However we are like every other creature on the planet in that much of what we do is automated. Drugs trick this subconscious, automated, part of our mind.

Step 1 of AA: Why It Is So Important

It’s a moment of profound self-realization and humility, opening the door to hope, healing and transformation. Remember, the 1st step AA is not the end but the beginning of a brighter future. If you’re struggling with alcohol addiction or drug addiction, please contact us now at FHE Health for compassionate help and support. Sydney Tubbs is a driven and compassionate Operations Director at The Freedom Center.

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You might be avoiding taking the first step toward recovery due to myths and misunderstandings surrounding AA and its steps. Here are some of the most common myths debunked or explained. Step 1 of AA acknowledges the need for members to hit rock bottom to understand alcohol addiction’s destructive nature.

I’m Seeking Help

Her innovative approach as Director of Operations gives her clients a safe and compassionate place at The Freedom Center to begin their recovery journey. Being born and raised in Gaithersburg, Maryland, it was always a dream for James to start a program where he began his own recovery journey. Having faced addiction in his own life, and having worked through recovery, James https://trading-market.org/how-to-flush-alcohol-from-your-urine/ truly understands what it takes to get sober and stay sober. James now has the opportunity to do what he loves and help others achieve long-term recovery. James works alongside the clinical director and administrative team to help ensure that every client benefits from a customized treatment plan and holistic approach that offers freedom from the grips of addiction.

Today, some critics of the program find that aspect of AA problematic, arguing that self-empowerment is an effective way to manage addiction and achieve lasting Bored, Bored, Bored, and Overeating recovery. You’re not alone—almost everyone has a hard time with Step 1 when they first get sober. In fact, much of the Twelve Steps require an explanation.

The Twelve Steps

Your inability to assert power over alcohol forces you to lie about your use of alcohol and even your whereabouts. This can lead to a cycle of lies, both for you and for the family members who attempt to understand or excuse your behavior. If you have an alcohol use disorder (AUD), you’re not alone. The real problem isn’t whether you’ve won or lost your battle with the demon drink.

I have over four years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life’s challenges, including mental health issues, addiction, trauma, grief, and other issues individuals may experience. I graduated from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County with my Bachelor’s Degree in Social Work and then pursued my Masters in Clinical Social Work at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Social Work. I have experience working in psychiatric hospitals, inpatient, outpatient, detox, and partial hospitalization programs providing clinical social work services.

Alcohol and Blackouts

In Steps 1 and 2, AA instructs members to strip themselves bare of ego and power. Step 3 involves putting yourself at the mercy of this higher power and moving forward for “Him” — or whatever your higher power may be — over the selfishness of addiction. Step 2 is about finding faith in some higher power, and the accompanying principle of hope means that you should never give up that faith, even when you suffer a setback. In this article, we’ll explain the language in greater detail and in simpler terms. And with the help of well-known recovery author Jeff Jay, we’ll also figure out how to actually work the Step and what it’s trying to teach us. This cycle of lies and keeping secrets can go on for years and that in itself can create an atmosphere that actually causes the situation to deteriorate faster.

If you’re allergic to a specific grain, beer won’t be your only problem. You’ll also experience symptoms when you eat other food products containing that allergen. Paying attention to which beverages cause symptoms can help people manage their alcohol intolerance.

Sulfites, tyramines, and histamines are substances that are naturally found in many forms of alcohol. They’re present in higher amounts in certain types of alcohol, like red wine, than others. So, people are typically born with a tendency for alcohol intolerance, which also runs in groups of people who are more closely genetically related. For example, people of Asian descent tend to have lower levels of ALDH. Despite these common reactions to wine, allergists say a true wine allergy is a fluke at best, and a controversial misnomer at worse.

Nasal polyps

If they suspect you have a true allergy to alcohol or another ingredient in alcoholic beverages, they will likely conduct allergy testing. The most https://en.forexdata.info/why-do-i-sneeze-when-i-drink-alcohol/ common type of allergy testing is the skin prick test. During a skin prick test, your doctor will use a lancet to prick or scratch your skin.

If a certain drink (or several) doesn’t agree with you, then steer clear. These „ethanol reactors“ may have other gene-based abnormalities that cause the accumulation of acetaldehyde following the ingestion of ethanol or ethanol-containing beverages. Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions reflect the operation of different and often racially related mechanisms that differ from those of classical, allergen-induced asthma. Alcohol intolerance can cause immediate, uncomfortable reactions after you drink alcohol. The most common signs and symptoms are stuffy nose and skin flushing. If you have a non-allergic intolerance to alcohol, histamine, sulfites, or other components of alcoholic beverages, your doctor might encourage you to limit or avoid certain types of alcohol.

Can Drinking Alcohol Make You Sneeze?

We have plenty of reasons on alcohol intolerances, allergies and what to do next. Our complete guide to Sudden Alcohol Intolerance is an excellent introductory resource to this condition. It could also be that alcohol has a natural side effect to make people congested. Alcoholic drinks have a natural vasodilatory effect which expands blood vessels. If you’re frequently sneezing after drinking, you must see a doctor as there may be an underlying condition that needs to be treated.

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Lowered inhibitions can lead to poor choices with lasting repercussions — like the end of a relationship, an accident or legal woes. Each of those consequences can cause turmoil that can negatively affect your long-term emotional health. Heavy drinking can also lead to a host of health concerns, like brain damage, Learn What Spiritual Malady Is And The Role It Plays In Your Recovery heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver and even certain kinds of cancer. When you’re allergic to something — such as pollen — your immune system creates a protective response. Keep reading to learn more about why you sneeze after eating and how you can prevent sneezing fits after eating in the future.

Why Does Beer Make Me Sneeze And Get Congested?

These compounds are often added to beer and wine to limit the growth of yeast and act as a preservative. Common sulfites include potassium bisulfite or potassium metabisulfite. Sulfur dioxide is another closely related chemical that can trigger reactions in some people.

Research shows that alcohol actually has a disruptive effect on your sleep the rest of the night and messes with sleep quality and quantity. That’s because alcohol depresses the central nervous system. It has a sedative effect that helps you relax and makes you drowsy, so you fall asleep faster. When something enters your nose, it sets off the „sneeze sensor“ in your brain, which then sends signals for you to to close your throat, eyes. Next, your chest muscles contract and your throat muscles relax. This forces air (along with anything else) out of your mouth and nose.

Histamine intolerance

When histamines are released, they can cause a variety of symptoms, including sneezing. Another reason why wine may make you sneeze is because of the sulfites that are found in wine. Sulfites are added to wine as a preservative, and they can cause an allergic reaction in some people.

Snatiation is likely genetic and doesn’t cause any health problems. If you notice that you sneeze more after large meals, try eating smaller meals or eating slowly. Snatiation is a combination of the words “sneeze” and “satiation,” which means being full or satisfied. It refers to a relatively common but poorly understood condition that causes people to sneeze uncontrollably after a large meal. Sulfites, histamines, and tannins are among some of the substances believed to contribute to a wine intolerance.

Depending on how bad their alcohol abuse has been or if medically-assisted alcohol detox will be needed for withdrawal symptoms, entering into a treatment center may be a necessary option. Professional medical staff can assist in the difficult process of withdrawal, making the transition into sobriety less daunting. Correct diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of AKA, and these laboratory tests provide the necessary data to confirm the presence https://ecosoberhouse.com/ of the condition. Understanding the role of alcohol in metabolic processes is crucial for diagnosing and treating AKA. The toxic effects of alcohol metabolism, such as the production of acetaldehyde and impairment of liver function, underscore the pathogenic mechanisms leading to this serious condition. Upon discharge from the hospital, your doctor may recommend connecting you with resources and support to aid in your recovery from alcohol use disorder.

Starvation or inadequate nutrition can also lead to the formation of ketones—this lack of nutrients results in the body breaking down fat for energy, leading to elevated ketone levels in the absence of adequate glucose utilization. Moreover, chronic illnesses and other metabolic disorders may contribute to the metabolic derangements that result in ketoacidosis. The condition is often precipitated by a sudden cessation of alcohol intake, which may be accompanied by vomiting, abdominal pain, and an inability to tolerate oral intake, often due to illnesses such as pancreatitis or gastritis. Despite the presence of acidosis, individuals with AKA are typically alert and lucid, which contrasts with the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis, where altered mental status is common. These ketones are acidic, and their accumulation leads to metabolic acidosis, characterized by an anion gap, which is the difference in the measured cations and anions in the serum, indicating the presence of unmeasured anions such as ketones.

What are the complications of alcoholic ketoacidosis?

Severe symptoms of AKA arise as a culmination of metabolic imbalances due to prolonged alcohol misuse, often exacerbated by malnutrition and dehydration. Recognizing these advanced symptoms is crucial for seeking immediate medical intervention. It’s important to note that AKA treatment also includes addressing any underlying issues, such as alcohol use disorder, and may involve a multidisciplinary approach including medical, nutritional, and psychological support. The interplay of fatty acids, their metabolic pathways, and the precise mechanisms of ketone secretion contribute to the overall picture of alcoholic ketoacidosis. However, if an individual presents with symptoms of ketoacidosis but is not found to be in a state of ketoacidosis, healthcare providers will investigate alternative conditions like alcohol poisoning.

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Effective treatment typically involves intravenous fluids, electrolyte correction, and thiamine administration to address nutritional deficiencies and prevent complications like Wernicke encephalopathy. Early recognition and treatment of AKA are key to improving patient outcomes and preventing long-term health consequences. Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a serious condition that arises from excessive alcohol consumption, alcoholic ketoacidosis particularly among individuals with a history of alcohol use disorder. This condition involves the accumulation of ketones in the bloodstream due to insufficient glucose for energy, leading to high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Recognizing the symptoms of AKA is crucial for timely treatment and recovery. People who consume a lot of alcohol during one occasion often vomit repeatedly and stop eating.

How Is Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Treated?

The test is free, confidential, and no personal information is needed to receive the result. This drop in blood sugar causes your body to decrease the amount of insulin it produces. If they can’t use glucose because there’s not enough insulin, your body switches to another method to get energy — breaking down fat cells.

The key tenants to management of AKA include fluid resuscitation and electrolyte correction. AKA can be an unrecognized cause of patients presenting with a severe metabolic acidosis, including the presence of ketones. It should be suspected in any patient who has a history of chronic alcohol dependency, malnutrition or recent episode of binge drinking [1]. In general, the prognosis for a patient presenting with AKA is good as long as the condition is identified and treated early. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients diagnosed with AKA is under-recognition of concomitant diseases (that may have precipitated the AKA, to begin with). These include acute pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and alcohol withdrawal.

Understanding the Biochemical Mechanisms of Alcoholic Ketoacidosis

Antiemetics such as ondansetron or metoclopramide may also be given to control nausea and vomiting. DiscussionThis case highlights the importance of diagnosing patients with AKA and providing the appropriate treatment. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, patients improve rapidly and serious complications are prevented. Ultimately, the mental health impact of AKA is a critical aspect of the condition that requires further attention and resources to ensure that individuals can recover fully and lead healthy, fulfilling lives. How severe the alcohol use is, and the presence of liver disease or other problems, may also affect the outlook. Assess for clinical signs of thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).

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Studies with longer-term follow-ups tend to employ smaller, less representative samples. These core issues should be kept in mind when considering the epidemiology of improvements in alcohol-related problems, including recovery from AUD, as discussed next. The current report leverages data to examine the factors – such as spirituality, treatment, insurance coverage and social supports – that support recovery from substance use and mental health problems more clearly. Through this effort, SAMHSA can better achieve its vision that people with, affected by or at risk for mental health and substance use conditions receive care, achieve well-being and thrive. Having a substance abuse disorder like alcohol use disorder or alcoholism means that you have a chronic health condition, much like diabetes or high blood pressure.

Consistent with previous research [2,7,8,11], we found lower short-term remission rates among individuals with alcohol use problems who did not participate in treatment or AA soon after initiating help-seeking than among those who did. These results add to growing evidence that participation in treatment and/or AA contributes to better short-term alcohol-related outcomes. In a separate 2014 study published in Drug and Alcohol Dependence, researchers reported relapse rates of 506 people who had maintained recovery from alcohol use disorder for one year. An alcoholic relapse or relapse into alcoholism is a return to the compulsive pursuit and consumption of alcohol after a period of sustained sobriety. Relapse is characterized by a return to the unhealthy behaviors and negative consequences that characterize addiction.

What Percentage of Alcoholics Recover and Stay Sober?

In this case, alcohol relapse rates are compared to other diseases that are treated on an ongoing basis, similar to addiction. To understand the numbers pertaining to alcohol relapse, we first have to look at relapse rates for substance use disorders (SUDs) as a whole. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), an addict who gets clean through any means will relapse at about a 40 to 60 percent rate.

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From mindful eating to seeking professional help, learn how to stop food addiction for good. Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by NIAAA grant AA12718 and by the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service. We thank Bianca Frogner, Ilana Mabel and Christine Stansbury for their help in data collection and Mark Ilgen, John McKellar, Kathleen Schutte and Christine Timko for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.

What Percentage of Drug Addicts Experience Relapse

Additionally, medications are used to help people detoxify from drugs, although detoxification is not the same as treatment and is not sufficient to help a person recover. Detoxification alone without subsequent alcohol relapse rate treatment generally leads to resumption of drug use. Experts think this occurs because the neural circuits involved in stress and mood are the same circuits involved in the brain’s reward system.

Given that alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disease, many alcohol-dependent people invariably experience multiple bouts of heavy drinking interspersed with periods of abstinence (i.e., withdrawal) of varying duration. A convergent body of preclinical and clinical evidence has demonstrated that a history of multiple detoxification/withdrawal experiences can result in increased sensitivity to the withdrawal syndrome—a process known as “kindling” (Becker and Littleton 1996; Becker 1998). For example, clinical studies have indicated that a history of multiple detoxifications increases a person’s susceptibility to more severe and medically complicated withdrawals in the future (e.g., Booth and Blow 1993). This latter finding suggests that elevated alcohol self-administration does not merely result from long-term alcohol exposure per se, but rather that repeated withdrawal experiences underlie enhanced motivation for alcohol seeking/consumption. This effect apparently was specific to alcohol because repeated chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal experience did not produce alterations in the animals’ consumption of a sugar solution (Becker and Lopez 2004).